Þorvaldur Gylfason – erindi á borgarafundi 24. nóv

 

Ræða flutt á Opnum borgarafundi #4

í Háskólabíó, mánudaginn 24. nóvember 2008

 

‘Stjórnmál og viðskipti eru óholl blanda. Íslenzkt efnahagslíf var lengi gegnsýrt af stjórnmálum. Helmingaskipti voru reglan, kaup kaups. Einkavæðingu banka og ríkisfyrirtækja var ætlað að uppræta þá skipan. Markmið einkavæðingarinnar var að skerpa skilin milli stjórnmála og viðskipta til að dreifa valdi á fleiri og hæfari hendur.

 

Ríkisstjórnin brást þessu ætlunarverki líkt og gerðist nokkrum árum fyrr í Rússlandi. Hún tók sjálfa sig fram yfir fólkið í landinu. Hún afhenti ríkisbankana mönnum, sem voru handgengnir stjórnarflokkunum og höfðu enga reynslu af bankarekstri. Í höndum þeirra uxu bankarnir landinu yfir höfuð á örfáum árum og vörpuðu með leynd þungum ábyrgðum á þjóðina. Seðlabankinn, ríkisstjórnin og Fjármálaeftirlitið höfðust ekki að. Stíflan brast.

 

Seðlabankinn vanrækti að byggja upp gjaldeyrisvarasjóð til að vega á móti erlendri skammtímaskuldasöfnun bankanna. Þrákelkni ríkisstjórnarinnar og Seðlabankans fyrir hönd krónunnar í nafni sjálfstæðrar peningastjórnar hefur nú í reyndinni teflt fjárhagslegu sjálfstæði landsins í tvísýnu um sinn.

 

Seðlabankinn og ríkisstjórnin skiptust ekki á nauðsynlegum upplýsingum í aðraganda kreppunnar og halda áfram að elda grátt silfur. Ríkisstjórnina brestur þor til að skipta um áhöfn í Seðlabankanum, þótt bankastjórnin hafi hvað eftir annað gert sig seka um alvarleg mistök, sem hafa ásamt öðru svert álit Íslands í útlöndum.

 

Bankastjórnin er vís til að eyða láninu frá Alþjóðagjaldeyrissjóðnum og öðrum í misráðna tilraun til að hífa gengi krónunnar upp fyrir eðlileg mörk í framhaldi af gengisfölsunarstefnu bankans undangengin ár. Bankastjórnin verður að víkja frá án frekari tafar. Fyrirhugaður flutningur Fjármálaeftirlitsins aftur til Seðlabankans herðir enn á kröfunni um, að bankastjórnin víki. Það vekur von, að Alþjóðagjaldeyrissjóðurinn hefur krafizt þess að fá að gera öryggisúttekt á Seðlabankanum.

 

Hrun bankakerfisins og veik viðbrögð ríkisstjórnarinnar við hrapinu afhjúpa hyldjúpa bresti í innviðum íslenzks samfélags. Þessar dauðadjúpu sprungur, sem ættu að vera á allra vitorði, hafa stjórnmálaöflin þó aldrei fengizt til að viðurkenna, hvað þá heldur til að fylla.

 

Upphaf ófaranna má rekja til upptöku kvótakerfisins, þegar stjórnmálastéttin kom sér saman um að afhenda útvegsmönnum ókeypis aðgang að sameignarauðlind þjóðarinnar. Þessi rangláta ákvörðun, sem allir flokkar á þingi báru sameiginlega og sinnulausa ábyrgð á, skerti svo siðvitund stjórnmálastéttarinnar, að þess gat ekki orðið langt að bíða, að aðrar jafnvel enn afdrifaríkari ákvarðanir sama marki brenndar sæju dagsins ljós. Mannréttindanefnd Sameinuðu þjóðanna hefur úrskurðað, að kvótakerfið hefur leitt af sér mannréttindabrot, en ríkisstjórnin lætur sér samt ekki segjast, ekki enn.

 

Hví skyldu menn, sem víluðu ekki fyrir sér að búa til nýja stétt auðmanna með ókeypis afhendingu aflakvóta í hendur fárra útvalinna, hika við að hafa svipaðan hátt á einkavæðingu banka og annarra ríkisfyrirtækja? Varaformaður Framsóknarflokksins auðgaðist svo á einkavæðingu Búnaðarbankans, að hann gerði sér lítið fyrir og keypti þjóðarflugfélagið (og lét skipa sjálfan sig seðlabankastjóra í millitíðinni, en hann hafði að vísu ekki efni á láglaunabaslinu þar nema skamma hríð). Framkvæmdastjóri Sjálfstæðisflokksins gerðist einnig milljarðamæringur við einkavæðingu Landsbankans, og enginn spurði neins, enda voru fjölmiðlarnir flestir komnir í hendur eigenda bankanna. Formaður Sjálfstæðisflokksins lét skipa sjálfan sig seðlabankastjóra og lét bankaráðið umsvifalaust hækka laun sín upp fyrir laun forseta Íslands með kveðju til Bessastaða. Áður hafði hann skammtað sér konungleg eftirlaun úr vasa almennings. Kvótakerfið varðaði veginn inn í sjálftökusamfélagið.

 

Nú býst ríkisstjórnin sjálf til að rannsaka tildrög bankakreppunnar. Við þurfum enga hvítþvottarbók frá ríkisstjórninni. Betur færi á skipun erlendrar rannsóknarnefndar, eins konar sannleiks- og sáttanefndar, með erlendum sérfræðingum. Við þörfnumst slíkrar nefndar til að endurheimta traustið, sem við þurfum að geta borið hvert til annars, og traust umheimsins. Farsæl samfélagsþróun útheimtir, að sagan sé rétt skráð og öllum hliðum hennar til haga haldið.

 

Bankakreppa á Íslandi er ekki einkamál Íslendinga. Þrálátur orðrómur um fjárböðun íslenzkra banka fyrir rússneska auðmenn horfir nú öðruvísi við en áður. Íslendingar og umheimurinn þurfa að fá að vita, hvort orðrómurinn á við rök að styðjast og hvað fór úrskeiðis. Aðrar þjóðir hljóta að þurfa að fá að læra af mistökum íslenzkra banka og stjórnvalda, enda hafa þær ákveðið að rétta Íslandi hjálparhönd í gegnum Alþjóðagjaldeyrissjóðinn.

 

Lýðræðisríki reisa trausta veggi milli framkvæmdarvalds, löggjafarvalds og dómsvalds. Þar er borin virðing fyrir þrískiptingu ríkisvaldsins, virðing fyrir valdmörkum og mótvægi. Þar eru reistar skorður gegn samþjöppun valds á of fáar hendur. Í þroskuðu lýðræðisríki gæti það ekki gerzt, að formaður stærsta stjórnmálaflokksins léti skipa sjálfan sig seðlabankastjóra án andmæla af hálfu annarra stjórnmálaflokka eða fjölmiðla.

 

Við stöndum nú frammi fyrir fjárhagsvanda, sem hefur hvolfzt af miklum þunga yfir Ísland og mun ágerast á næsta ári. Stjórnvöld virtu að vettugi varnaðarorð úr ýmsum áttum. Mikill hluti þjóðarinnar hefur fylgzt agndofa með rás atburðanna. Á vegum ríkisstjórnarinnar er unnið að endurskipulagningu bankanna undir tortryggilegum leyndarhjúp.

 

Ákæruvaldið hefði átt að láta strax til skarar skríða eftir hrunið frekar en að boða mörgum vikum síðar til veiklulegrar athugunar á því, hvort lög kunni að hafa verið brotin. Silagangur ríkisstjórnarinnar síðan bankarnir hrundu vekur ekki heldur traust. Eina færa leiðin til að endurreisa nauðsynlegt traust milli manna inn á við og álit Íslands út á við er að spúla dekkið. Stjórnmálastéttin hefur brugðizt. Hún þarf helzt að draga sig möglunarlaust í hlé, víkja fyrir nýju fólki og veita því frið til að leggja grunninn að endurreisn efnahagslífsins og réttarkerfisins með góðra manna hjálp utan úr heimi.

 

Reynslan sýnir, að bankahrun getur leitt af sér óstöðugt stjórnarfar og myndun öfgahópa, sem bítast um brakið, berja stríðsbumbur og ala á ótta við útlönd. Sýnum stillingu. Hlustum á allar raddir, en hlýðum þó aðeins þeim, sem boða undanbragðalaust uppgjör við liðna tíð og stefna á endurreisn íslenzks efnahagslífs með hagkvæmni, réttlæti og lýðræði að leiðarljósi. Tökum undir með skáldinu Snorra Hjartarsyni: „Ísland í lyftum heitum höndum ver ég heiður þinn og líf gegn trylltri öld.”

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